Complete (aplasia) or partial (hypoplasia) developmental failure of an organ or tissue.
Programmed cell death: mechanisms, regulation, and importance.
Decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, loss of innervation, or diminished blood supply.
Understand how cells respond to stress and injury.
Understanding the mechanisms and consequences of cellular damage.
Abnormal cellular growth with altered size, shape, and organization.
The science of oxidative stress and cellular damage.
Types, causes, effects, and clinical significance of oxygen deprivation.
Increase in cell size due to increased workload or hormonal stimulation.
Increase in cell number due to increased cell division in response to stimuli.
Understanding the body's defense mechanism and its consequences.
Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another in response to chronic irritation.
Premature cell death: causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment.
Abnormal cell growth from normal cells to cancer.